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Pillar Guide

Complete Guide to Small Business Taxes

Everything small business owners need to know about taxes. Deductions, entity selection, quarterly estimated taxes, filing requirements, bookkeeping, payroll, and common mistakes to avoid.

By Sam Desai, EA|Updated July 6, 2026|20 min read

Choosing the Right Business Entity

Your business entity type determines how you are taxed, what forms you file, and your personal liability exposure. The most common structures include:

Sole Proprietorship

Simplest structure. Report income on Schedule C. Self-employment tax applies to all net income.

Single-Member LLC

Disregarded entity for tax purposes. Reports on Schedule C. Provides legal liability protection.

Multi-Member LLC

Files Form 1065. Issues K-1 to members. Pass-through taxation.

S-Corporation

Files Form 1120-S. Owner-employees receive salary + distributions. Can reduce self-employment tax.

C-Corporation

Files Form 1120. Corporate tax rate applies. Double taxation on dividends.

Partnership

Files Form 1065. Partners report share of income on personal returns.

Related resources: LLC vs S-Corp Taxes | LLC Tax Preparation | S-Corp Tax Preparation

Small Business Tax Deductions

Maximizing deductions is one of the most effective ways to reduce your small business tax liability. Common deductions include:

1Home office deduction (regular or simplified method)
2Business vehicle expenses (standard mileage or actual cost)
3Equipment and supplies (Section 179 or bonus depreciation)
4Marketing and advertising costs
5Professional services (legal, accounting, consulting)
6Business insurance premiums
7Rent and utilities for business premises
8Travel, meals, and entertainment (subject to limitations)
9Retirement plan contributions (SEP IRA, Solo 401(k))
10Health insurance premiums for self-employed

Related resource: Complete Guide to Small Business Tax Deductions

Quarterly Estimated Taxes

If your business expects to owe $1,000 or more in taxes, you generally need to make quarterly estimated tax payments. Estimated taxes cover income tax and self-employment tax.

Q1 (January-March)

April 15

Q2 (April-May)

June 15

Q3 (June-August)

September 15

Q4 (September-December)

January 15 (next year)

Related resources: Guide to Quarterly Estimated Taxes | Tax Planning Service

Bookkeeping & Payroll

Good bookkeeping is the foundation of tax compliance. Clean books make tax preparation faster, more accurate, and less expensive. Payroll tax compliance is equally critical.

Missed payroll tax deposits are one of the fastest ways to get into trouble with the IRS. Trust fund recovery penalties can be assessed personally against responsible parties.

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